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鹰潭市人民政府办公室关于印发鹰潭市建立国家基本药物制度实施方案(暂行)的通知

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鹰潭市人民政府办公室关于印发鹰潭市建立国家基本药物制度实施方案(暂行)的通知

江西省鹰潭市人民政府办公室


鹰潭市人民政府办公室关于印发鹰潭市建立国家基本药物制度实施方案(暂行)的通知

鹰府办发〔2010〕5号


  各县(市、区)人民政府,市龙虎山风景名胜区管委会,鹰潭经济技术开发区管委会,市政府各部门:

  《鹰潭市关于建立国家基本药物制度实施方案(暂行)》,已经市政府同意,现印发给你们,请认真遵照执行。

  

  

  

   二〇一〇年二月二十四日

  



  鹰潭市关于建立国家基本药物制度实施方案

  (暂行)

  为保障群众基本用药,减轻医药费用负担,扎实有序地建立和实施国家基本药物制度, 根据《江西省人民政府办公厅关于印发江西省建立国家基本药物制度实施方案(暂行)的通知》(赣府厅发〔2009〕96号),结合我市实际,制定本实施方案。

  第一章 总则

  第一条 基本药物是适应基本医疗卫生需求,剂型适宜,价格合理,能够保障供应,公众可公平获得的药品。政府举办的基层医疗卫生机构全部配备和使用基本药物,其他各类医疗机构也都必须按规定使用基本药物。

  第二条 国家基本药物制度是对基本药物的遴选、生产、流通、使用、定价、报销、监测评价等环节实施有效管理的制度,按照国家的要求,做好与公共卫生、医疗服务、医疗保障体系衔接等工作。

  第三条 实施国家基本药物制度遵循以下基本原则:深入贯彻落实科学发展观,坚持把维护人民群众健康权益放在第一位;坚持立足市情,确保基本药物制度与经济社会发展水平相协调;坚持公平与效率统一,政府主导与发挥市场机制作用相结合;坚持近期重点改革任务与远期制度建设目标相衔接,分阶段实现国家基本药物制度实施目标。

  第四条 实施国家基本药物制度按照全省统一领导、地方分级负责、部门指导协调、多方共同参与的工作模式,强化各级部门职责与协调配合。

  第五条 成立鹰潭市实施国家基本药物制度工作小组,在市深化医药卫生体制改革领导小组统一领导下, 负责全市国家基本药物制度相关政策的制定及贯彻实施。

  第二章 目标任务

  第六条 实施国家基本药物制度总目标是:保障人民群众基本用药,促进医药卫生事业全面健康协调发展,维护健康公平,实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务,不断提高人民群众健康水平。

  第七条 实施国家基本药物制度具体目标是:

  (一)2009年12月底前,在全市12所乡镇中心卫生院(乡镇卫生机构数占全市卫生院总数的35.3%)和所有政府举办的社区卫生服务机构实施基本药物制度,确保2010年初全部到位。2010年12月20日前,各县(市、区)选择一个中心卫生院和一所公立社区卫生服务中心启动试点。包括实行省级集中网上公开招标采购、统一配送,全部配备和使用基本药物并实现零差率销售,同时实行财政性补偿。

  (二)全市12所乡镇中心卫生院为贵溪市罗河中心卫生院、贵溪市塘湾中心卫生院、贵溪市志光中心卫生院、贵溪市文坊中心卫生院、贵溪市周坊中心卫生院,余江县潢溪中心卫生院、余江县马荃中心卫生院、余江县中童中心卫生院、余江县画桥中心卫生院、余江县锦江中心卫生院、月湖区童家中心卫生院、龙虎山风景旅游区上清中心卫生院。

  (三)政府举办的社区卫生服务机构根据有关规定再确定具体名录。

  (四)到2011年,初步建立国家基本药物制度。全市所有政府举办的基层医疗卫生机构实施国家基本药物制度, 保证基本药物的生产供应和合理使用,药品价格得到合理有效的控制,降低城乡居民基本用药负担,切实保障人民群众基本药物需求。

  (五)到2020年,建立起以国家基本药物制度为主体的、覆盖城乡,规范、完善的药品供应保障体系,并与公共卫生、医疗服务、医疗保障体系相衔接,保证人民群众能够及时获得安全有效、剂型适宜、价格合理、能够保障供应的基本药物,保证基本药物的规范合理使用。

  第三章 目录管理

  第八条 政府举办的基层医疗卫生机构全部配备和使用基本药物目录内药品。在建立国家基本药物制度初期,政府举办的基层医疗卫生机构确需配备、使用非目录药品的,由市实施国家基本药物制度工作小组组织专家论证,报省实施国家基本药物制度工作小组批准。

  第九条 非目录药品的遴选。按照防治必需、安全有效、价格合理、使用方便、中西药并重、基本保障、临床首选和基层能够配备的原则,结合我市财政承受能力和基本医疗保障水平、疾病谱变化、基本医疗卫生需求和科学技术进步等情况从严控制。

  第十条 政府举办的基层医疗卫生机构增加使用非目录药品具体品种,从国家基本医疗保险药品目录(甲类)范围内选择,确因地方特殊疾病治疗必需的,也可从目录(乙类)中选择。增加药品应是多家企业生产品种。

  第四章生产储备

  第十一条 建立基本药物生产供应保障体系。在政府宏观调控下,充分发挥市场机制作用,进一步规范基本药物的生产流通,完善医药产业政策和行业发展规划,推动医药企业提高自主创新能力和医药产业结构优化升级。

  第十二条 完善药品储备制度。对临床必需、价格低廉、用量不确定、企业不常生产、不可替代的基本药物鼓励企业生产,纳入国家和省级储备范畴,保障生产供应。

  第五章采购配送

  第十三条 政府举办的医疗机构使用的基本药物,参加以省为单位集中网上公开招标采购。

  第十四条 国家基本药物目录中麻醉、精神药品、免疫规划疫苗、免费治疗的抗结核药、抗麻风病药、抗艾滋病药、抗疟药、计划生育药品以及中药饮片等基本药物采购配送仍按国家有关法规规定执行。

  第十五条 基本药物由中标的药品生产企业直接配送或委托中标的配送企业统一配送。可以委托3家中标配送企业配送,其中省级2家,设区市级1家。配送企业资格和药品配送费用由省招标确定。

  第十六条 加强基本药物购销合同管理。生产企业、经营企业和医疗卫生机构按照《合同法》等规定,根据集中采购结果签订合同,履行药品购销合同规定的责任和义务。合同中应明确品种、规格、数量、价格、回款时间、履约方式、违约责任等内容。各级卫生行政部门要会同有关部门加强督促检查。

  第六章 配备使用

  第十七条 建立基本药物优先和合理使用制度。政府举办的基层医疗卫生机构全部配备和使用国家基本药物。在建立国家基本药物制度初期,确需配备、使用非目录药品的基层医疗卫生机构非目录药品销售额不超过药品总销售额的30%,非目录药品使用品种不超过药品使用品种总数的30%。其他各类医疗机构也要将基本药物作为首选药物,并达到一定使用比例,具体使用比例待省级卫生行政部门确定后执行。医疗机构要按照国家基本药物临床应用指南和基本药物处方集,加强合理用药管理,确保规范使用。

  第十八条 医疗机构应建立健全药事管理机构,完善医师处方监督检查和审核制度,加强医师基本药物合理使用的培训,鼓励医师优先合理使用基本药物,规范基本药物临床使用,发挥临床药师参与临床药物治疗和规范临床用药行为的作用,为药物治疗的合理、安全、有效提供保障。

  第十九条 患者凭处方可以到零售药店购买药物。零售药店必须按规定配备执业药师或其他依法经资格认定的药学技术人员为患者提供购药咨询和指导,对处方的合法性与合理性进行审核,依据处方正确调配、销售药品。

  第七章 价格管理

  第二十条 完善和规范政府调控与市场作用相结合的基本药物价格形成机制。加强价格监督管理,健全基本药物价格监测管理体系。

  第二十一条 医疗卫生机构基本药物具体零售价格由省人民政府有关部门根据招标形成的统一采购价格、配送费用及药品加成政策确定。实行基本药物制度的基层医疗卫生机构,基本药物按购进价格实行零差率销售。

  第八章 补偿报销

  第二十二条 建立并完善基层医疗机构补偿机制。适当提高基层医疗机构技术服务价格。落实政府投入政策,进一步加大政府补助力度,弥补基层医疗机构药品零差率减少的收入。补助资金按基本药物实施情况、基层医疗机构前两年实际利润和定编医务人员三大要素测算,统筹安排。财政补助资金采取上年度预拨,下年结算办法实施,以后年度政府补助经费根据运行情况适当调整。财政补助经费按隶属关系,属于县(市、区)级的,由省、县(区)级财政按6:4比例分担,属市级的,由省、市级财政按6:4比例分担。财政补助经费与财政其它补助经费统筹用于基层医疗机构房屋修缮、设备维修和人员经费支出,医务人员的工资水平与当地事业单位工作人员工资水平相衔接。

  建立基层医疗机构基本药物制度绩效考核体系。县级卫生行政部门应以基本药物使用和医疗服务质量为核心,对基层医疗机构进行考核,财政补助经费的拨付与考核结果挂钩。基层医疗机构应以服务质量、工作数量和医德医风考评为核心,对职工个人进行考核,个人工资性收入与考核结果挂钩。

  加强财政补助资金管理。县级卫生行政部门在坚持预算管理权不变、资金所有权和使用权不变、财务审批权不变的前提下,按照“集中管理、分户核算”的原则,对全县乡镇卫生院财务管理进行会计核算和监督,努力提高资金的使用效率。

  第二十三条 国家基本药物全部纳入《江西省新型农村合作医疗报销药物目录》和《江西基本医疗保险和工伤保险药品目录》,报销比例比非基本药物提高10个百分点,具体操作办法由市卫生局、市劳动和社会保障局根据各自职责并结合实际情况分别制定。

  第二十四条 建立基本药物费用合理分担机制,基本公共卫生服务中使用的基本药物费用,纳入公共卫生服务项目统筹安排;基本医疗服务中使用的基本药物费用分别由政府、社会和个人合理分担。按照国家医疗保障有关规定,结合我市财政能力,提高基本医疗保障对基本药物的支付水平,降低个人自付比例,引导广大群众首先使用基本药物。

  第九章 质量监督

  第二十五条 加强基本药物质量安全监督。对基本药物实行定期质量抽检,杜绝不合格的基本药物进入流通和使用环节,并向社会及时公布抽检结果;加强和完善基本药物不良反应监测,建立健全药品安全预警和应急处置机制;完善药品召回管理制度,保证用药安全;建立信息公开、社会多方参与的监管制度。

  第十章 考核评估

  第二十六条 建立实施基本药物制度成本效益评价和考核制度。对基本药物制度实施的效果和成本效益进行分析评估,把基本药物的价格降低程度、给群众带来的实惠,对基层医疗机构运行、医生行为造成的影响等作为主要考核内容。

  第二十七条 加大对实施基本药物制度的基层医疗机构医疗质量管理和公共卫生服务效率的考核力度。考核结果与财政补助和医务人员绩效工资挂钩。各地要定期对制度实施情况进行检查,将基本药物制度实施纳入当地医改工作考核内容,将政府考核与社会监督结合,促进基本药物制度不断完善。

  第十一章 组织实施

  第二十八条 鹰潭市实施国家基本药物制度工作小组由市卫生局、市发展和改革委员会、市经济贸易委员会、市监察局、市财政局、市劳动和社会保障局、市食品药品监督管理局等部门组成。工作小组下设办公室,设在市卫生局,承担市实施国家基本药物制度工作小组的日常工作。

  第二十九条 强化部门责任与协调配合。卫生部门负责对医疗机构基本药物采购、配送和使用情况进行监督检查;发改部门负责基本药物价格政策及零售价格制定与价格执行情况监督检查;财政部门负责制定和落实国家基本药物制度补偿政策,保证资金到位;劳动和社保部门负责基本药物支付政策制定和执行;食品药品监督部门负责基本药物生产、配送企业资质认定,对基本药物进行质量监管;监察部门负责国家基本药物制度实施全过程监督检查,并对违法违纪行为进行查处。其他部门通力协作,密切配合,承担相关职责任务。

  第三十条 各县(市、区)人民政府要加强对建立国家基本药物制度的组织领导。

  第三十一条 各地根据医药卫生体制改革的总体要求,结合当地实际,落实政府责任,切实履行职责,搞好统筹协调,完善政府举办的基层医疗卫生机构补偿机制,落实财政补助政策,并与基本药物零差率销售政策衔接一致。

  第三十二条 国家基本药物制度是一项全新的制度,要加强合理用药宣传与教育工作,提高全民对基本药物的认知度和信赖度;要加强对国家基本药物制度的相关政策宣传解读,争取社会各界理解、配合和支持;要结合制度的实施做好舆论宣传与教育引导工作,形成共同推动实施国家基本药物制度的合力,营造良好社会氛围。

  第十二章 附则

  第三十三条 各地根据本方案制定实施细则。

  第三十四条 本方案自发布之日起施行。



GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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